Pressure :: essays research papers

PressurePressure, is the ratio of a force acting on a surface, to the area of the surface it is frankincense distinct from the total force acting on a surface. Units of mechanical press are force units divided by area units. Examples of these are pounds per consecutive inch, dynes per square centimeter, or newtons (N) per square meter (Pressure n.pag). Pressure has many influences and effects on objects. When the pressure rises, it affects the liquescent point and the boiling point of a substance. This causes the raising of the melting and boiling points of most substances (Pressure The... n.pag). Pressure can be seen and demonstrated in many ways including furrow pressure, Bernoullis principle, Pascals Principle, and Archimedes Principle. Air pressure is the force exerted on you by the weight of tiny particles of air, called air molecules (Sample n.pag). The airs pressure is caused by the weight of air that presses down on the earth, the ocean, and the air (Understanding...n.pa g). Even though they cant be seen, they still have weight and take up space. Air molecules are very spaced by and can be compressed to fit in a smaller volume. When the air is tightly compressed, the air is under high pressure. We are continuously facial expression air pressure but we are used to the air pressure around us at sea level so we dont consciously feel it. But when one travels higher the number of air molecules decreases and thus the air pressure also decreases. When this happens, certain symptoms can be noticed, such as a shortness of breath and the popping of your ears. This pressure is measured by an instrument called a barometer (Sample n.pag). Air pressure is reported in inches of hydrargyrum in the U.S, but elsewhere they measure it in millibars, also called hectopascals (hPa). Air pressure, among other things, is used to forecast the weather. If there is a high-pressure system access through, then cold temperatures and blue skies will result. If there is a low- pressure system, then warm, stormy weather is expected.Bernoullis principle is a perfect typesetters case of how the use of pressure can be beneficial. This principle has to do with flight and is what keeps planes in the air. It has to do with the shape of the fly on an aircraft. The bottom part of the wing is flat and the top of it is curved.

The Idea Of Romantic Love Essay -- essays research papers

We are brought up on romantic be enjoyd. Is this true in your experience? If so write a paper on which you root define this amorphous construct and then discuss how you came about it. For eg. Have you been influenced by media, T.V., movies in particular. Conclude by stating whether you believe in romantic bash or suck in cast of the idea.I dont care what you think, when he comes Ill leave and wont even turn brook and look at you, hell love me, he wont be like you Words spoken by me when I was barely 10 years of age. I was addressing my mother after wed had an argument and referring to the arrival of my prince charming who would understand all my dilemmas and make life heaven for me. Such is the sensing of romantic love that I formed ever since I began to realize the dynamics of the relationship between a man and woman. It is what is fed to us with nursery rhymes, and fairytales and it is a world that we do not wish to leave for fear of abandonment and loneliness. As we progr ess through life we are eternally exposed to the likes of television serials, movies and of course mills & boon romances, all aimed at reinforcing the very low impressions of bliss that we formed with regard to the loved one and love life in general. Infact, falling in love with a handsome young prince and galloping away with him into a hazy, peach orange sunset, is a romantic concept that most young girls, irrespective of race or background, embrace and ultimately grow up to anticipate. They are taught that it is a magical paradise where they will have all of their needs met - and live happily-ever-after. They are taught that getting the romance is the goal and that after that everything is smooth sailing. Romantic love is thus an emotion surrounded by myths and metaphors, motivated by false hopes and the desire for a guarantee that somehow, a miserable life place be turned into happiness at a single stroke. Obviously that is not how it works in reality.Robert Solomon once remar ked, Love has become an obscure ideal, like TV ads, full of promise of something fabulous in time to come, hinted at but never spoken of as such.We are told that we can we are in love by the we feel the giddy disorientation, shaky, shivering hands, and your warmness leaping within you. Unfortunately, these are also the warning signs of dengue fever, so its always a good idea to check with your do... ... romantic feelings to come on before they initiate romantic activities. But it works the other way aroundI personally would not cast of the idea of romantic love as such because I believe that romantic love is powerful, but at the same time it is not omnipotent. Doubts, fears, insecurities, weak self-esteem, and silence can counteract its achievement. The problem lies not in the concept of romantic love but in the impossible demands made in its name. To be love is to realize that in the authentic relationship each person stands by his own perceptions. Sometimes its okay to go by the clichs, which facilitate togetherness, but if it becomes permanent, communication is cancelled, and one is go away with a low sense of oneself.The essence of true love can infact be compared to gift giving. The immeasurability of gift-giving, its wearying effects on the spirit when not reciprocated, can leave a person open to a tremendous sense of disappointment. This is just one of the risks a creative spirit takes in the world. Pursuing and maintaining romantic love is a risk too, but it is a wonderful risk, and it is the heavy price one might pay for it, that makes it so valuable in the first place.

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Education Teachers Teaching Essays

Teaching Philosophy Statement There have been many teachers come and go in my life, but only a few really stand out. The reason I want to teach is because of these few teachers that have touched my life. A unique world of opportunity rests at heart an educational system. The ability to influence minds is a wonderful thing. I dont want to be one of those ordinary teachers I want to locomote an exceptional teacher. I want to be the teacher that everyone values. I understand that it will take a lot of hard work to become this lineament of teacher, but Im willing to do so. I hope to be a positive influence on my students. I want to be able to motivate my students, and give them a full opportunity to learn. I wish for the students who leave my classroom to have accomplished independence, knowledge, and self-discipline. I appreciate these triple aspects are the aspects of an effective classroom environment. My philosophy on education is an eclectic philosophy. I find that I lean toward the essentialist philosophy. Wanting to be a attainment teacher, I study that natural sciences should be a core curriculum. Although I feel that lecture and discussion are great ways to lean, I echo a variety of methods should be used. I think an effective classroom should obtain other methods of learning such as cooperative learning, mastery learning, working class based instruction along with direct instruction. I believe that academic rigor is an essential component of education. I believe students should master certain reveal materials before being passed on to the next grade level. Other than essentialism, I find another philosophy I lean toward is perrenialism. What makes me lean toward perrenialism is that I believe that methods such as problem solving, discussion, lecture, critical thinking, and questioning should be used in every classroom. As a science teacher I would think that problem solving would be the best way to educate my stu dents. My goals for the future are to graduate from Concord with a Bachelors in intuition Education of grades 9-12. I then intend on maybe teaching and then going on to obtain a Masters degree.

the tattooed soldier Essay --

Los Angeles, California is often seen as the city of dreams. Hollywood paints the cinema of Los Angeles as a place of endless possibilities. Los Angeles is also thought as the city where dreamers can come with nothing in their pocket and become an everywhere night success story. Many Americans and immigrants come to Los Angeles with the same dream of success. In The Tattooed Soldier Tobar describes how this fictionalized American dream version of the Los Angeles affects immigrants. In the novel Tobar followed two Guatemalan immigrants Antonio and Longeria who live very different lifestyles in their home country and in America. Los Angeles seemed to be the land of dreams and promise to both characters, however Los Angeles becomes a place of gravelly reality for Antonio and Longeria. In the novel we watch how Antonio and Longeria adjust to the struggles of being immigrants in Los Angeles, , and what makes man a man.In the first section of The Tattooed Soldier are introduced Antonio. Antonio is glide path to Los Angeles to escape the Guatemalan government, and views Los Angeles as a place where...

Lago, The Plotter Essay -- Literary Analysis

Othello is a steadfast leader that the reader finds him or herself wanting to be more like. His experiences argon unparalleled and thats what makes him such(prenominal) a popular leader. He has seen many battles and fought many fights his stories are legendary among those who revere him. In our day he would be the man every man wants to be like and the man every woman wants, but even those who are revered have enemies. If this were not the effect then there would be no means for him to have become so revered. In overcoming so many obstacles Othello made a most convert enemy. In this article we will explore Iagos dark secrets and expose and examine what makes him such a great villain. William Shakespeare used various literary devices such as characterization, metaphors, irony, and symbols to portray Iago as a cunning villain.Shakespeares acute use of characterization sets a great opposition between the protagonist and the antagonist. Iago, Shakespeares villain, is quite the opposite as our protagonist Othello. Upon being confronted, swords drawn, Othello says, Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Good Signior, you shall more command with years than with your weapons. Othellos sense of diplomacy set him apart as a distinguished gentleman before a soldier. Telling the soldiers to lower their swords eases the tension and creates for an opening to a peaceful solution. To further demonstrate Othellos devotion to diplomacy he asks Barbantio, Where will you that I go to answer this your charge? When Barbantio answers, To prison, Othello complies by saying, What if I copy? How may the duke be therewith satisfied? (Shakespeare 16) These are just a few examples of Othellos obedience and how his actions distinguish ... ...gonism. Characterization was used to emphasize Othellos gentlemen like nature and noble soldier status, while to the contrary, Iagos actions defined him as a conniving saboteur. These differences create a tension that stresses the good in our protagonist and the bad in our antagonist. Metaphors were used by Iago that showed his manipulative pattern of malice. A subtle placement of irony extenuates our negative perceptions of Iago. symbolism was a all important(p) role in Othello, this may have been the crown jewel of literary devices used to demonstrate that Iago was a great villain in the play Othello. Symbolism was the device that this whole play hinged on. Were it not for the handkerchief and the inherent symbolism Othello would have played out very differently.Works CitedShakespeare, William. Othello. Dehli, 2007. David O. Mckay Library. Web. 18 Jan.2012.

Lago, The Plotter Essay -- Literary Analysis

Othello is a steadfast leader that the reader finds him or herself wanting to be more like. His experiences are unparalleled and thats what makes him such(prenominal) a popular leader. He has seen firearmy battles and fought many fights his stories are legendary among those who revere him. In our day he would be the man every man wants to be like and the man every woman wants, but even those who are revered have enemies. If this were not the case then there would be no means for him to have become so revered. In overcoming so many obstacles Othello made a most convincing enemy. In this article we pull up stakes explore Iagos dark secrets and expose and examine what makes him such a great villain. William Shakespeare used various literary devices such as characterization, metaphors, irony, and symbols to portray Iago as a cunning villain.Shakespeares acute use of characterization solidifyings a great opposition between the protagonist and the antagonist. Iago, Shakespeares villain , is quite the opposite as our protagonist Othello. Upon being confronted, swords drawn, Othello says, Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Good Signior, you shall more command with years than with your weapons. Othellos sense of diplomacy set him apart as a distinguished gentleman before a soldier. Telling the soldiers to lower their swords eases the tension and creates for an opening to a peaceful solution. To further wrangle Othellos devotion to diplomacy he asks Barbantio, Where will you that I go to answer this your charge? When Barbantio answers, To prison, Othello complies by saying, What if I obey? How whitethorn the duke be therewith satisfied? (Shakespeare 16) These are just a few examples of Othellos obedience and how his actions distinguish ... ...gonism. Characterization was used to emphasize Othellos gentlemen like nature and dire soldier status, while to the contrary, Iagos actions defined him as a conniving saboteur. These differences create a tension that stresses the good in our protagonist and the bad in our antagonist. Metaphors were used by Iago that showed his manipulative pattern of malice. A subtle placement of irony extenuates our negative perceptions of Iago. Symbolism was a crucial role in Othello, this may have been the crown jewel of literary devices used to demonstrate that Iago was a great villain in the forgather Othello. Symbolism was the device that this whole play hinged on. Were it not for the handkerchief and the inherent symbolism Othello would have played out very differently.Works CitedShakespeare, William. Othello. Dehli, 2007. David O. Mckay Library. Web. 18 Jan.2012.

Fahrenheit 451 Summary Essay

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Matthew Hart Nov. 12, 12 Fahrenheit 451 doesnt provide a single, clear explanation of why books are verboten in the future. Instead, it suggests that many different factors could combine to create this result. These factors can be broken into two root words factors that lead to a general lack of interest in cultivation and factors that make people actively hostile toward books. The novel doesnt clearly distinguish these two developments. Apparently, they simply support whizz an opposite.The first group of factors includes the popularity of competing forms of entertainment such as television and intercommunicate. More broadly, Bradbury thinks that the presence of fast cars, loud music, and advertisements creates a lifestyle with too much stimulation in which no peerless has the time to concentrate. Also, the huge mass of create material is too everyplacewhelming to think about, leading to a society that reads condensed books rather than the real liaison. jest at Montag is a fireman in charge of burning books in a grim, futuristic United States.The book opens with a brief description of the pleasure he experiences while on the job one evening. He wears a helmet emblazoned with the numeral 451, the temperature at which paper burn, a black uniform with a salamander on the arm, and a phoenix disc on his chest. On his way home from the fire station, he feels a sense of nervous anticipation. After suspecting a drowsy nearby presence, he meets his new neighbor, an inquisitive and unusual seventeen-year-old named Clarisse McClellan. She immediately recognizes him as a fireman and seems fascinated by him and his uniform.She explains that she is crazy and proceeds to suggest that the true duty of firemen was to extinguish fires rather than to light them. She asks him about his job and tells him that she comes from a strange family that does such peculiar things as talk to each other and toss places. Clarisses strangeness makes G uy nervous, and he laughs repeatedly and involuntarily. She reminds him in different ways of candlelight, a clock, and a mirror. He cannot help feeling somehow attracted to her. She fascinates him with her dreaded questions, unorthodox lifestyle, perceptive observations, and incredible power of identification.She asks him if he is happy and then disappears into her mansion house. Pondering the absurd question, he enters his house and thinks about this stranger and her comprehension of his inmost trembling thought. Montag and Mildred spend the afternoon reading. The windup(prenominal) click comes and sniffs at the door. Montag speculates about what it was that made Clarisse so unique. Mildred refuses to talk about someone who is dead and complains that she prefers the people and the bewitching colors on her TV w completelys to books.Montag feels that books must somehow be able to help him out of his ignorance, exclusively he does not down the stairsstand what he is reading and decides that he must find a teacher. He thinks post to an afternoon a year before when he met an old English professor named Faber in the park. It was apparent that Faber had been reading a book of poetry before Montag arrived. The professor had tried to hide the book and run away, but after Montag reassured him that he was safe, they talked, and Faber gave him his address and phone number. Now Montag calls the professor.He asks him how many copies of the Bible, Shakespeare, or Plato are left in the country. Faber, who thinks Montag is severe to trap him, dictates none are left and hangs up the phone. Montag goes back to his pile of books and realizes that he took from the old woman what may be the last copy of the Bible in existence. He considers turning in a turn to Beatty (who knows he has at least one book), but he realizes that if Beatty knows which book he took, the chief pull up stakes guess that he has a whole program library if he gives him a different book. He decid es to have a duplicate made before that night.Mildred tells him that some of her friends are coming over to watch TV with her. Montag, still trying to connect with her, asks her rhetorically if the family on TV loves her. She dismisses his question. He takes the subway to Fabers, and on the way tries to memorize verses from the Bible. A jingle for Denhams Dentifrice toothpaste distracts him, and last he masters up in front of all the passengers and screams at the radio to shut up, waving his book around. The astonished passengers start to call a guard, but Montag gets off at the next stop.Montag goes to Faber and shows him the book, which alleviates Fabers fear of him, and he asks the old man to teach him to understand what he reads. Faber says that Montag does not know the real spring for his unhappiness and is only guessing that it has something to do with books, since they are the only things he knows for sure are gone. Faber insists that its not the books themselves that Mont ag is confronting for, but the meaning they contain. The equal meaning could be included in existing media like television and radio, but people no longer demand it.Faber compares their superficial society to flowers trying to live on flowers instead of on good, substantive dirt people are unwilling to accept the basic realities and unpleasant aspects of life. Faber says that people need eccentric information, the leisure to digest it, and the freedom to act on what they learn. He defines quality information as a textured and detailed knowledge of life, knowledge of the pores on the face of humanity. Faber agrees with Mildred that television seems more real than books, but he dislikes it because it is too invasive and controlling.Books at least allow the reader to put them down, giving one time to think and reason about the information they contain. Montag suggests planting books in the homes of firemen to discredit the profession and see the firehouses burn. Faber doesnt think t hat this action would get to the punk of the problem, however, lamenting that the firemen arent really necessary to suppress books because the public stopped reading them of its own accord even before they were burned. Faber says they just need to be patient, since the coming war will eventually mean the death of the TV families.Montag concludes that they could use that as a chance to bring books back. Montag bullies Faber out of his cowardice by tearing pages out of the precious Bible one by one, and Faber finally agrees to help, revealing that he knows someone with a crisscrossing press who used to print his college newspaper. Montag asks for help with Beatty that night, and Faber gives him a two-way radio he has created that will fit in Montags ear that way the professor can hear what Beatty has to say and also prompt Montag. Montag decides to risk giving Beatty a substitute book, and Faber agrees to see his printer friend.Montag gazes at Clarisses empty house, and Beatty, gues sing that he has fallen under her influence, berates him for it. Mildred rushes out of the house with a suitcase and is driven away in a taxi, and Montag realizes she must have called in the alarm. Beatty orders Montag to burn the house by himself with his flamethrower and warns that the Hound is on the watch for him if he tries to escape. Montag burn everything, and when he is finished, Beatty places him under arrest. Beatty sees that Montag is listening to something and strikes him on the head.The radio falls out of Montags ear, and Beatty picks it up, saying that he will have it traced to find the person on the other end. After Beatty eggs him on with more literary quotations, his last a quote from Julius Caesar, Montag turns his flamethrower on Beatty and burns him to a crisp. The other firemen do not move, and he knocks them out. The Mechanical Hound appears and injects Montags leg with anesthetic before he manages to destroy it with his flamethrower. Montag stumbles away on hi s numb leg. He goes to where he hid the books in his backyard and finds four that Mildred missed.He hears sirens approaching and tries to continue down the alley, but he falls and begins to sob. He forces himself to rise and runs until the numbness leaves his leg. Montag puts a regular Seashell radio in his ear and hears a police alert warning people to be on the lookout for him, that he is alone and on foot. He finds a gas station and washes the soot off his face so he will look less suspicious. He hears on the radio that war has been declared. He starts to cross a wide street and is nearly hit by a car speeding toward him.At first, Montag thinks it is the police coming to get him, but he later realizes the cars passengers are children who would have killed him for no reason at all, and he wonders angrily whether they were the motorists who killed Clarisse. He creeps into one of his coworkers houses and hides the books, then calls in an alarm from a phone booth. He goes to Fabers h ouse, tells him what has happened, and gives the professor some money. Faber instructs him to follow the old railroad tracks out of town to look for camps of homeless intellectuals and tells Montag to meet him in St.Louis sometime in the future, where he is going to meet a retired printer. Faber turns on the TV news, and they hear that a new Mechanical Hound, followed by a helicopter camera crew, has been sent out after Montag. Montag takes a suitcase full of Fabers old clothes, tells the professor how to purge his house of Montags scent so the Hound will not be led there, and runs off into the night. Faber plans to take a bus out of the city to check his printer friend as soon as possible. Captain Beatty comes by to check on Montag, saying that he guessed Montag would be calling in eruct that day.He tells Montag that every fireman runs into the problem he has been experiencing sooner or later, and he relates to him the history of their profession. Beattys monologue borders on the hysterical, and his tendency to jump from one thing to another without explaining the connection makes his history very hard to follow. Part of the story is that photography, film, and television made it possible to present information in a quickly digestible, visual form, which made the slower, more reflective practice of reading books less popular.Another strand of his argument is that the spread of literacy, and the gigantic increase in the amount of published materials, created pressure for books to be more like one another and easier to read. Montag withdraws money from his account to give to Faber and listens to reports over the radio that the country is mobilizing for war. Faber reads to him from the Book of Job over the two-way radio in his ear. He goes home, and two of Mildreds friends, Mrs. Phelps and Mrs. Bowles, arrive and promptly disappear into the TV parlor. Montag turns off the TV walls and tries to engage the three women in conversation.They reluctantly oblige him , but he becomes angry when they describe how they voted in the last presidential election, based solely on the physical appearance and other superficial qualities of the candidates. After witnessing the anonymous scapegoats death on the television, Granger turns to Montag and ironically remarks, Welcome back to life. He introduces Montag to the other men, who are all former professors and intellectuals. He tells Montag that they have perfected a method of recalling word-for-word anything that they have read once. Each one of them has a different classic books stored in his memory.

Using the Symbolic Interaction and the Cybernetics Theory

ST. PAULS UNIVERSITY-NAIROBI CAMPUS NAME SAKWA M. JAMES ADM NO. 0915/11 UNIT NAME THEORIES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT REACTION constitution BASED ON THE MOVIE THE BLINDSIDE USING THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTION AND THE CYBERNETICS THEORY PRESENTED TO MR. J. NDAVULA Use of emblematic-Interaction Approach Symbolic Interactionism is a concept developed by, George Hebert Mead (Griffin, 2009). Symbolic Interactionism has three core premises which lead to the creation of a persons self and socialization into a larger community (Griffin, 2009).It is a simulation for building theory that sees society as the product of the every daylight interactions of individuals. When we use symbolismic-interaction theory with this movie we see how Michael is a roofless teenager trying to encounter in. We see when he goes to school he struggles to fit in and how he stays quiet throughout the day. You can also use the S. I. theory on how Micheal when he was homeless he had ratty clothes and not many personal belongings. A S. I. theorist would look at Michael and see how he doesnt countenance a bed and is staying in the Tuohy house on a couch as a symbol of homelessness and poverty.Lastly when using this theory you see how the movie portrays and gives the homeless symbols of run down houses and having drugs and illegal activity going on in the movie. For instance having no bed or personal home for Michael Oher is a symbol of poverty. Perceptions Humans act toward people based on the meanings they assign to those people. Most people within the context of the sieveside seemed to write off Michael Oher. thither were some who saw him as a young, African American male who was slow in the head, poorly educated and unkempt.Those would include, at least in the first of his time at the private school, most of his teachers and most of the others students. Because they ascribed to Michael their own beliefs, they never gave him a chance to reveal himself. There was an interesting piece t hat Michael wrote one day in class where he stated, I look and I see white everywhere. White walls, white floors and a lot of white people. The teachers do not know I have no idea of anything they are talking about. I do not want to listen to anyone especially the teachers.They are bighearted homework and expecting me to do the problems on my own. I have never done homework in my life. I go to the bathroom and look in the reverberate and say this is not Michael Oher. There was also the group who wondered why Mrs. Touhy would take in Michael. This group mostly consisted of her tea-time compatriots in the ritzy area of town. They were convinced that what Mrs. Touhy was doing was so nice and asked her if it was another one of those charities of hers. They saw Michael as a one-way recipient of charitable donations.They saw Michael as a tax write-off. Because of their viewpoints, they never could kinda understand that Michael was changing Mrs. Tuohys life, and that she loved him. It tells how the Tuohys came to reach out to Michael Oher and his life was changed, as was theirs. The movie was filled with excellent acting from all members of the take up with Sandra Bullock leading the way. This is a movie you leave impacted emotionally. The movie does show that it was not just the Tuohys involved in changing Michaels life but many choices along the way.There was Big Tony Henderson, Mrs. Beasly, and Miss Sue all who made choices that helped Michael. Now the reality is that the movie is powerful but the bill alters from the facts to fit the directors vision. The full details of the story can be read in detail in Michael Lewiss book The Blind Side Evolution of a Game. A sampling of the story can be found in a . REFERENCES Netter,G,Kosove,A. & Johnson,. B(Producers) & Hancock,(Director). (2009) Blind Side United StatesWarner Bro Pictures.

Justice Process

During the past 30 years the prison house population has changed. 1. There has been a major Increase in the number of Afri dope American and Hispanic American Inmates. 2. More Inmates come from urban areas. 3. More inmates have been convicted of drug-related and violent offenses. 4. Former path gangs regroup inside prisons and have raised levels of violence in many institutions. 5. The rise of public employee unions have improved working conditions, safety procedures, and training. E. Current focal point of corrections has shifted to crime control, which emphasizes the Importance of Incarceration.II. The Goals of Incarceration A. Three models of incarceration have been prominent since the early 1 sass 1. The custodial model based on the assumption that prisoners have been incarcerated for the security measures of society and emphasizes earnest, discipline, and order subordinating the prisoner to the authority of the warden.. This model was prevalent in corrections before World war II and dominates most maximum-security Institutions today. 2. The rehabilitation model developed In the asses, It emphasizes treatment programs to reform the offender. 3.The reintegration model inked to the structures and goals of community corrections, it emphasizes maintaining offender ties to family and community. B. Correctional institutions that conform to each of these models can be found, but most prisons are mainly custodial. Ill. Organization for Incarceration A. Statistics 1. Prisons are operated by any 50 states and the federal government. 2. There are 1,208 confinement facilities 85 % are streak by the states. 3. 84 % of the facilities are for men precisely. 4. 8% are for women only. B. Federal Bureau of Prisons 1.Jurisdiction of federal criminal law is circumscribe to crimes involving interstate amerce, certain serious felonies such as bank robbery, violation of other federal laws and crimes committed on federal property. 2. Since the war on drugs in the ass es, drug offenders in federal prisons make up about 56% of the inmate population. 3. Federal prisoners are often a more sophisticated strain of criminal, from a higher socioeconomic class, than the typical state prisoner. 4. Federal sentencing guidelines have increased the probability of imprisonment substantially. 5.The bureau of prison is highly centralized with a staff of over 33,000 who supervise more than 150,000 prisoners. . The bureau operates 104 confinement facilities (see figure 10. 1). C. State Prison Systems -94% of offenders are held in confinement facilities operated by the state disposition of prisons is a function of the executive branch. 1 . The total capacity of a states prisons reflects the size of the states population. 2. States vary considerably in the number, size, type, and location of punitive facilities. 3. Over 435,000 raft work in state institutions. V. The Design and variety of Prisons A. Form follows function the design of a structure should serve its purpose. 1. During the penitentiary era, institutions were to countenance penance. 2. When prison persistence became the focus, a different design enhanced the efficiency of workshops. 3. When punishment held sway, idiom was on the fortress-like edifice that ensures security. 4. During the rehabilitation era, parvenue prisons were built in styles thought to promote treatment goals. B. Todays design There are four basic models found in Americas prisons. 1.Radial Design Eastern, Auburn, Leavenworth, Roadway, and Trenton. 2. Telephone-pole Design most commonly used for maximum security prisons Exaggerator, Marion, Somers, Jackson. 3. Courtyard Style mom of the newer facilities are the courtyard style. 4. Campus Style huge used for juvenile or womens facilities 5. Today prison construction is greatly influenced by cost. C. Location of Prisons As in the past, most are located in rural areas. 1. Even though most prison inmates come from cities and reintegration has been the prim e correctional goal, new institutions are still being built in the countryside. . Rural whites are hired to guard urban blacks. 3. Many citizens believe that serious offenders should be incarceration, but non in their community (NIMBI syndrome). 4. Some economically de agitateed areas have elected prisons to bring in Jobs and revivalist the local economy D. Classification of Prisons 1. Maximum Security Prison closed custody prisons hold 35% of inmates) usually an awesome edifice with high stone walls studded with guard towers designed to prevent escapes and to deter prisoners from harming each other. 2.Medium Security Prison hold 47% of inmates externally they resemble the maximum security prison, but organized on a different basis and atmosphere is less rigid and tense. 3. Minimum Security Prison holds 18% of prisoners, the least violent offenders lacks tower guards and walls. E. Private prisons entrant with cliquish companies to furnish food and medical services, educational an d vocational training and other services. 3. Now, governments hire corporations to house prisoner in privately owned facilities. 4. By midyear 2003, a total of 94,361 inmates were being held in private facilities. . The private prison business is dominated by the Corrections Corporation of America and Hackett Corrections Corporation. 6. Problems with private facilities a. Differences in programming b. Costs c. Accountability d. Legal issues 7. Corrections is a multimillion dollar government-funded enterprise that purchases applies, materials, and services from the private sector. 8. Private entrepreneurs argue that they can build and run prisons at least as effectively, safely, and humanely as any level of government can, at a profit and a lower cost to taxpayers. 9.Private prison corporations need to fill their cells in order to be profitable. 10. Liability of Guards?the U. S. Supreme Court said that private prison guards did not have legal protection under Section 1983 and are ful ly liable for their actions when they violate a protected right. 1 1 . There are fears that the private corporations will press to maintain high occupancy and will be interested in skimming off the best inmates, leaving the troublesome ones to the public correctional system. V. Who is in Prison A. Data on the characteristics of prisoners is limited (figure 10. ). 1. A majority of prisoners are men aged of 25-44 2. Members of minority groups 3. Approximately 40 percent have not completed high school. 4. 44 percent of prisoners are rearrested with the first year of release. 5. Within 3 years, approximately 25 percent of all released inmates will give way to prison. B. Elderly prisoners An increasing number of prison inmates are older than 55 and eve housing, medical, program, and release service needs that differ from the In the general population, redundant housing accommodations average inmate. 1. Should be made. 2.The elderly are more likely to develop chronic illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. 3. Prison work assignments must be tailored to fit their physical and mental abilities. 4. Preparation for release to community supervision or to hospice services require time and special efforts. 5. As people get older they become less dangerous. C. Prisoners with HIVE/AIDS In the coming years, AIDS in expected to be the leading seduce of death among males aged 35 and younger with 57% of the inmates population under 35, correctional officials must cope with the problem of HIVE. . In 2001, there were more than 24,000 HIVE-positive inmates (3. 2 percent of the prison population). 2. The high rate of infection among inmates can be explained by the prisoners high risk behaviors. 3. Only 18 states test all new inmates for HIVE. D. Mentally Ill Prisoners Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the asses new antispasmodic drugs made treating patients in the community seem retirement only works if the drugs are taken and clinics and halfway houses exist to assist the mentally ill. . Homelessness is the most public sign of the lack of programs for the mentally ill. 3. With the expansion of prisons and greater emphasis on public order offenses, arrest and incarceration have become the price many pay for their illness. E. Long Term Inmates more prisoners serve long article of faiths in the US than in any other Western nation. 1. Harsh sentencing policies of the last 30 years?three-strikes, mandatory minimums, truth-in-sentencing?the amount of time revered is increasing. 2.An estimated 11-15% of all prisoners (well over 100,000) will serve more than 7 years in prison. 3. Long-term prisoners generally are not seen as control problems. 4. Administrators must prevail ways of making long-term prison life livable. 5. 310,000 prisoners are currently serving at least 20 year sentences. 6. Each life sentence costs taxpayers an estimated $1 million. 7. Severe depression, feelings of hopelessness, and other health pro blems are common among long teeters. 8. Long term inmates are charged with less disciplinary infractions that gyp term inmates.

Google, Inc. and China Essay

A big part of the big if is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its one-party rule over that country. Nevertheless, the CCP intends to incorporate the net and digital networks into its strategic economic development plans and help it to become a significant element in the network society. Then-president Jiang Zemin is quoted in Foster and Goodman (2000 xii cited in Hassan, 2004 p. 60) as saying that meshing technology is going to change the international situation, military combat, production, culture and economic aspects of our daily lives significantly.He omitted to mention politics in his list, of course, and the CCP struggles, vainly, to control what growing numbers of Mainland Chinese read, see and hear on the Internet. In China, the popular appear engine Google is classified as a media alliance and access is restricted. Until recently, Web- pages served by Google to users in China had to pass through filters set up by the Chinese government that eliminate information the State does non want people to see. In 2006, Google announced that it would set up a local site in China, to better serve the China market.The site would let only sanitized search results that met the approval of the Chinese government. So next time you are in Beijing, try searching for Falun Gong, the social group that so upsets the ruling party, and see what, if anything you get (Meza, 2007 p. 116). Good has significantly yet unknowingly reached the borders of Chinese efforts to maintain the presence of communism and the innate government rule however, the so-so(p) and direct information imposed in the search engines of Google threatens all these political efforts (Hassan, 2004 p.61). Background Chinese users love the Google Internet search engine because it reads Chinese characters. In mid-2002 the Chinese government blocked access to Google and tried to limit access to the CNN and BIIC web sites (Sloan 2002 cited in Hassan, 2004 p. 60). However, for Chinese users with a minimu m of Internet knowledge and a willingness to defy their government, it was simply a matter of a few mouse-clicks to detour around those sites blocked and limited by the authorities and search or browse through a Google, CNN and 61 mirror-site instead.Censoring the Internets content, especially its political content, seems set to he a constant (and at long last unsuccessful) rearguard action for the CCP (Hassan, 2004 p. 60-61). Google technologies could result in states being able to exert much greater influence through the Internet. Technology will advance to make censorship easier, even automated. Google has long promoted the ideal of access to information. Its mission, according to a Goggle attorney, is to organize the worlds information and make it universally useful and accessible. Google reason that the company could not provide a high level of service in China without a local presence. The Chinese government may headspring have found a way to control this vast amount of info rmation using a variety of filtering software. One method uses filtering technology that in effect disables features of the search engine Google by tapping into snapshots of web pages stored on Google serverswhich are based outside China that formerly provided a common way for Chinese to view sites that were otherwise blocked (Landow, 2006 p. 324).

Poverty and Animal Rights Activist

The year is 2040. There are no animals. Most of the other races are literally extinct. Poverty is what makes up the countries population. Could you imagine the creation? I couldnt. I would hate to live in a world where there is a struggle to live. I would hate It even more if did nothing but puzzle and watch. These thoughts are what read my passions to try and intensify the world. I believe that If we all take a stand against these horrifying issues, we could make a change In the world, together. For Instance, Id like to change the world by alleviating pauperization. And my passions can be my tool.There are piteous batch living out there without anything. Its a slow, and playfully to better and I dont think their lives should be taken from them so easily. I could use one of my passions, which Is piece, and I could write a book through a poor persons point of view. I also enjoy donating because It makes me apt to know that I helped someone In need. I could make money by slan g, which Is also some other passion, to donate. I could have a food drive for the ones who are starving. Thus, the poverty rate plummets. As soon as I was exposed to the horror of poaching, I knell would be the one to ease it.Poaching animals is another flaw that I would like to fix . I could use my passion, writing, by creating persuasive speeches that could, hopefully, change their minds. Although that doesnt healthy too safe, I could be an Animal Rights Activist. Its a job that Ive dreamed of. Anyways if I make speeches, I would read them aloud in public areas. Hopefully, it would pass on awareness and everyone would see the reality. And I also like reading and it could be an asset because it would help with researching. Despite the laws, discrimination is still around.Id like to impact the world by ending all discrimination. In this century, society has corrupted itself an words are as painful as whips strikes against your back. Writing cold be useful by making speeches. Si nging would be helpful. I could compose songs about equality for all and sing them at public places or where you could perform. Just expand awareness through every corner. Ive always been captivated, interested, and good with social studies or history, and I could recreate the discriminating periods and Insert them in essays and hopefully ban it at one time and for all.Im passionate about writing, donating, reading, singing, and dreaming of becoming an Animal Rights Activist. I strongly believe that my passions will be useful by changing the world. Lay writing could help with alleviating poverty and It could raise awareness which would be the rescue. Writing can be turned Into a persuasive speech to convince that the animals are In need of help. And people will be aware of the grotesque reality. Discrimination could be ended once and for all with the help of my voice. My singing would be an asset and It could really llama. And me, being anAnimal Rights Activist Is a dream. Jesse O wens once said, We all have dreams. except on order to make tee dreams come into reality, it takes an awful ken of determination, dedication, self-discipline, and effort. Poverty and Animal Rights Activist By foreordained it even more if I did nothing but sit and watch. These thoughts are what drive my passions to try and change the world. I believe that if we all take a stand against these horrifying issues, we could make a change in the world, together. For instance, Id like to change the world by alleviating poverty. And my passions an be my tool.There are poor people living out there without anything. Its a slow, and painfully to die and I dont think their lives should be taken from them so easily. I could use one of my passions, which is writing, and I could write a book through a poor persons point of view. I also enjoy donating because it makes me happy to know that I helped someone in need. I could make money by singing, which is also another passion, to donate. I could have a food drive for the ones who are As soon as I was exposed to the horror of poaching, I knew would be the one to Job that Ive dreamed of.Anyways if I make speeches, I would read them aloud in studies or history, and I could recreate the discriminating periods and insert them in by changing the world. Lay writing could help with alleviating poverty and it could raise awareness which would be the rescue. Writing can be turned into a persuasive speech to convince that the animals are in need of help. And people will be aware of my voice. My singing would be an asset and it could really impact. And me, being an Animal Rights Activist is a dream. Jesse Owens once said, We all have dreams. But

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies about Mobile Phone

Foreign According to (Miller, 2013) , a mobile phone is a wireless electronic device utilisationd for telephone and multimedia communicatings. Which manner people can bring it and can communicate anywhere at anytime. (Singh, 2011) said that communication is the process to express his thoughts, ideas, and messages, from one soul to other person for the sake of personal interest or business interest. Communication is more effective if you receive the response from other person. You can express his thoughts to another person by verbal communication, non-verbal communication or by mass communication. (McGuigan, 2013) Stated that schoolbook messaging is a term for short communications made through and through stall phones. It uses what is called the Short Message Service, and so is often called SMS for short. It is also sometimes referred to as txting, using the shorthand common in such messages as a way of dealing with short character limits and often bulky interfaces. (Ziggs, 2011) proposed that ages 13 to 17 ends the highest number of text messaging, sending and receiving an average of 1,742 text messages per month. (Jenna Langer, 2009) said that hands prefer to use communication to gain social status and use their social networks in a task-oriented manner (2).Face-to-face communication differences between genders and has been sh avouch to cross oer into e-mail and computer-mediated communication makes women communicate more thoroughly because of the lack of nonverbal cues. (Amanda Lenhart, 2010) One major influence has to do with the economics of the cell phone who pays for the costs associated with the cell phone and its use and what are the limitations on the service plan for the phone?Does the user have unlimited minutes to talk or the ability to serving minutes? Does he or she have an unlimited or pay-as-you-go text messaging plan? And regardless of who pays, what type of plan does the teen have? A shared family plan, an individual plan with a contract, or a contract-less pre-paid phone? Each of these variations can influence how teens and adults use their mobile phones. (Amanda Lenhart, 2010) About one in five teen cell phone users (18%) are part of a prepaid or pay-as-you-go plan, and just one in ten (10%) have their own individual contract.The type of cell phone plan a teen has is significantly related to household income. Teens from lower income households are more likely to use prepaid plans or to have their own contract, while teen cell phone users in households with incomes of $50,000 or greater are most likely to be part of a family plan. Local (Celdran, 2002) declared that The characteristics of connectivity, speed, cost effectiveness, mobility and confidentiality of text messaging and its adaptability to Filipino culture has made SMS the most popular form of private communication technology in the country.BibliographyTeens and Mobile Phones. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from Pew Internet http//pewinternet. o rg/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones/Chapter-1/The-economics-of-cell-phonesPlan-Types. aspx Celdran, D. (2002).The Philippines SMS and Citizenship. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from http//www. dhf. uu. se/pdffiler/02_01/02_1_part9. pdf http//www. dhf. uu. se/pdffiler/02_01/02_1_part9. pdf Jenna Langer, V. J. (2009).Gender Differences in Text Message Content. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from http//www. jennalanger. com http//www. jennalanger. com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/LangerJenna-Gender_dif_SMS_Content. df McGuigan, B. (2013, March 08).What is Text Messaging? Retrieved March 10, 2013, from wiseGEEK http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-text-messaging. htmMiller, B. (2013, March 05). What Is a Mobile Phone? Retrieved March 8, 2013, from wiseGEEK http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-mobile-phone. htmSingh, H. (2011, July 05). Communication plays an important role in our daily life. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from India Study sway http//www. indiastudychannel. com/resources/142618-Communica tion-plays-an-important-role-our. aspx Ziggs, D. (2011, February 09). Average Monthly Calls Vrs

Mercedes Benz’s E-Biz Solution Essay

The fact that we would be one of the commencement exercise car manufacturers in the get together States to have a factory preservation program would be seen as a very positive thing in this regard. William Engelke, Assistant Manager, IT Systems, Mercedes Benz US International, commenting on the FDRS. Linking customers By 2000, Mercedes Benz United States International (MBUSI), builder of the high-quality MClass sports utility vehicle (SUV), completed itself as a company that overly delivered superior customer services. One such service was the delivery option where by the customer could take delivery of the vehicle at the factory in Alabama, US.The program c every(prenominal)ed the Factory Delivery Reservation System (FDRS), enabled MBUSI to create and legitimateate 1800 orders per hour. FDRS in addition automatically generated material requirements and Bills of Material1 for 35,000 vehicles per hour. The Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution that made FDRS conti ngent was base on lotus domino2 and IBM Netfinity3 boniface4. Analysts felt that with its innovative use of the new program, MBUSI not only managed to amend its customer relations by providing the best service, but also demonstrated its commitment to customers by making them an integral part of the process.Customers were, in a counsel linked computely to the factory floor which was a powerful sales tool. Background Mbusi and its Business Challenges MBUSI was a wholly-owned subsidiary of DaimlerChrylser AG. 5 In 1993, Daimler Benz realized that the Benz leaf blade could be extended to wider market segments. Traditionally, Mercedes Benz6 appealed to older and sophisticated customers only. Daimler Benz wanted to attract customers be disordered 40 years of age, who wanted a rugged vehicle with all the safety and luxury features of a Mercedes. Daimler Benz decided to develop a SUV known as the M-Class.It expected strong demand for the new vehicle and therefore plotted to build i ts first car-manufacturing facility MBUSI in the (Tuscaloosa, Alabama) US. The MBUSI facility had many advantages. First, labor costs in the US were almost half that of in Germany. Second, the US was the trail geographic market for SUVs. Third, as the vehicles were assembled in the US, they could be distributed to Canada and Mexico more efficiently. In January 1997, the factory started return at partial capacity and by the end of the year, it was producing at full capacity.By 2000, the factory was rolling out around 380 vehicles per day. The new M-Class allactivityvehicle represented a new concept for the company. Also, mass customization required that from each one vehicle be treated as a separate project, with its own Bill of Material. To deal with these challenges, Daimler Benz decided to implement an enterprise wide Information applied science (IT) system, with the help of IBM orbicular Services7. To further strengthen the image of Mercedes Benz in the US, MBUSI be after to deliver vehicles at the factory, becoming the first international automobile manufacturer in the US to do so.MBUSI also wanted to enrich the customersexperience. Commented William Engelke, The factory delivery option gives Mercedes-Benz customers something that they do not get from other automobile manufacturers which is why we suppose the program will resonate with our customers. We think that having the factory delivery program available to Mercedes customers adds to the overall experience of the customer. The Design of FDRS The FDRS program was proposed in the first crap of 1998. In the third quarter of 1998, MBUSI entered into a contract with IBM.A development team was constituted with IBM Global Solutions specialists and IBM e-commerce developers, who worked closely with MBUSI. The program became operational by the first quarter of 1999. The IT team at MBUSI had a clear set of functional specifications for FDRS. However, they relied on IBM to transform the concept into a n e-business solution. The FDRS was designed in such a commission that customers buying the M-Class SUV could specify that will take delivery of their new vehicle at the factory. They could place the order at any of the 355 Mercedes Benz mongers in the US.An authorized employee at the dealership entered the factory delivery order the web interface. Timing was the most important aspect of the FDRSfunctionality, as it was closely linked with MBUSIs vehicle production schedule. Mercedes Benz United States of America (MBUSA)8, based in Montvale, NJ, was the first link in the FDRS program. It was the point where the dealer actually placed the order. MBUSAs role was to coordinate the dispersion of vehicles to dealers across the country. Later, it had to add the order to the companys Baan Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)9system, which scheduled the order for production.About three months before the production date, the dealer could schedule in a window, the date and time of arrival of the customer at the factory for delivery. The window was then automatically computed by the FDRS to give the dealer, the possible delivery dates. Apart from the delivery date, the customer could also specify the accessories for the car and also request a factory tour. FDRS was based on Lotus eye mask (Refer Exhibit I), Lotus Enterprise Integrator10 and IBM Netfinity servers. It also interfaced with IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server, Model 9672-R45 located in Montvale, NJ (Refer Figure I). at that place were two Domino servers an IBM Netfinity 5500 and an IBM Netfinity 3000. FIGURE I SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF FDRS outset MBUSI The former that acted as the internal Domino serverwas placed behind a firewall 11. It replicated databases through the firewall to the remote server. The replication, which was encrypted, represented the primary means by which the FDRS system achieved security. Netfinity 3000 acted as an external Domino server. It had public information and was also the p rimary communication linkage for dealers. The ack-end of the FDRS was fitted out(p) with an Oracle database that updated the internal Domino server database with order information. The updation was make using Lotus Enterprise Integrator. The data which was replicated to the internal Domino server included lists of valid dealers and lists of order numbers. When an order was placed by the dealer on the FDRS system, the data was first stored on the external Domino server, after which it was replicated to the internal Domino server. wherefore it was replicated to the back-end database via the Lotus Enterprise Integrator.Data replication between the Lotus Notes servers happened every 15 minutes and data exchange with the back-end database three times per day. There was also a link between the back end database and an IBM S/39012 mainframe based system located at MBUSA via a T113 line. MBUSA managed the flow of vehicles to Mercedes dealers across the United States. This mainframe based system, received new vehicle orders (as opposed to factory delivery reservation requests) from individual dealers. The orders were then sent to MBUSIs Baan system and also to the back-end database.The vehicle ordering and factory reservation data were coordinated with each other when the back-end database uploaded the data to the internal Domino server. This coordinated the production and delivery information. FDRS effectuation One of the most challenging aspects of the implementation seemed to be the complexity of the Lotus and Domino scripts. The development team had to group all the information from diverse systems. Commented William Engelke, There was a substantial amount of very complex coding involved in the FDRS solution. This application involves a lot more than having our dealers fill out a form and submitting it.There are many things the servers have to do for the system to function properly, such as looking at calendars and production schedules. We built a solution with some very advanced communication linkages. IBM faced many technical challenges during the implementation of the program. One of them was the unlike timing schemes of the Lotus Notes databases and backend databases (ERP). This led to discrepancies in the data. Domino server was a Near Real Time (NRT) Server14, and MBUSIs backend activities were both real time15and batch processing16. Also, to get the best results, the Domino server was an optimised subset of the ERP dishearten set17.However, the development team achieved a balance between the two sidesof the solution by focusing on issues of timing, error detection schemes, and alerts. Customer Satisfaction FDRS firsthand Benefit MBUSI seemed to measure FDRSsuccess in terms of increased satisfaction of its customers. The company also believed that the marketing and customer satisfaction aspects outweighed the signifi preservece of more conventional cost-based benefits. Apart from the factory delivery experience, the program als o offered the customer a factory tour and ride on the off-road course at a low cost.The company also seemed to gain strategic marketing benefits from the FDRS program, as it was able to establish Mercedes-Benz as a premium place. (Refer Table I for advantages of FDRS in different areas). Customers could also visit the various tourist spots in Alabama after picking up their M-class vehicles. TABLE I ADVANTAGES OF THE FDRS PROGRAM AREA strategical Marketing Benefits Cost Savings ADVANTAGES FDRS was expected to improve customer satisfaction and brand loyalty, as it enriched Mercedes customers experience. The program also strengthened the brand image of Mercedes in the US.Development of a web-based solution enabled MBUSI to offer the factory delivery program at substantially lower costs, due to less trust on administrative personnel. Package Marketing the FDRS program with a ride to tourist sites, enhanced the image of Alabama as a tourist destination. The mental institution of a si milar albeit smaller factory delivery system to the European Customer Delivery Center in Sindelfingen, Germany, reflected favorably on the MBUSI business unit. Source MBUSI Regional Economic Development DaimlerChrysler AG Future of FDRS In 2000, MBUSI planned to leverage FDRSplatform by adding a range of other services.MBUSI built an advanced platform to create communication links to its suppliers. Through the link, MBUSI provided them feedback on the quality of supplies it received. The dealers and suppliers had a user-ID and password, which the system recognized. It then routed them into the appropriate stage of the FDRS. The company also planned to extend the innovative system to include transactional applications such as ordering materials and checking order status on the Web. The company expected that the new system based on FDRS, would be more cost-effective than the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)18 system. Bill of Material keeps track of all raw materials, parts, and su bassemblies used to create a finished product. 2 A product of IBM Corp. , Lotus Notes and Domino R5 are the industrys leading client/server combination for collaborative messaging and e-business solutions. 3 The IBM Netfinity server offers solutions for file-and-print and application computing needs. 4 A electronic computing device or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. A database server is a computer system that processes database queries. 5 DaimlerChrysler AG was the result of a merger between two leading car manufacturers Daimler Benz of Germany and Chrysler Corp. of the US in 1998. 6 A luxury brand of passenger cars, Sports Utility Vehicles from DaimlerChrysler. 7 IBM Global Services is the ser vices and consultancy division of IBM Corp. that offers extensive ebusiness solutions. 8 MBUSA is the wholly owned US subsidiary of DaimlerChrylser. ERP attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single(a) computer system that can serve all those different departments particular needs. 10 A server-based data distribution product that enables data exchange between Lotus Domino and a number of host and relational applications. 11 A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. tout ensemble messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. 12 The IBM S/390 servers offer direct high speed access to the e-business application and are used for Enterprise Computing. 13 A dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1. 544 Mbits per second. A T1 Line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64 Kbits per second. Each 64 Kbit per second channel can be configured to voice or data traffic. 14 The NRT Server System supports real time distribution of near-real time data. 5 Real time refers to events simulated by a computer at the very(prenominal) speed that they would occur in real life. 16 Executing a series of noninteractive jobs all at one time. The term dates back to the days when users entered programs on plug away cards. They gave a batch of these programmed cards to the system operator, who fed them into the computer. Usually, batch jobs are stored up during working hours and then executed whenever the computer is idle. Batch processing is curiously useful for operations that require the computer or a peripheral device for an extended period of ti me.Once a batch job begins, it continues until it is done or until an error occurs. Note that batch processing implies that there is no interaction with the user while the program is being executed. 17 The ERP tables are the database tables, (thousands of them), on which the packet is built. The programmers and end users must set these tables to match their business processes. Each table has a decision switchthat leads the software down one decision grade or another. 18 EDI connects all the suppliers in and out of the US. www. icmrindia. org/free resources/casestudies/Mercedes Benz-IT&Systems-Case Studies. htm

The Common Indoor Air Pollutants Environmental Sciences Essay

line of descent taint is an verbal expression used to depict the personal line of credit state when the niggardnesss of chemicals, particulate battle, or biological agents in the existenceize exceeds the recommended degrees and became a beginning of health lie in waitment or do soreness to worlds and other beings, or cause amendss to the populating inhering environment. Pollution loafer be resulted from synthetic day-to-day industrial executions and activities or by the nature. There ar m whatsoever signifiers of pollutants solid atoms, liquid droplets, or hired gunes. interior atmospheric state contamination slew be arises from interior(prenominal)(prenominal) and out(p)doorsy pollutant beginnings.Peoples, particularly learners, spend near 90 % of their live in sealed controlled environments, EPA ( 2001 ) . These sealed environments whitethorn indorse pollutant beginnings that could h overaged short or long effects on residents health, comfort, eudaem onia, morale and productiveness. The strength of the effects depends on the degree of the smell of the inner transmission line ( pollution degrees ) . In recent old ages, the issue of interior air and its part ( IAQ ) has fuck off an extern anyy recognized issue that caught the attending of explore toyers and the residents toward bettering the quality of air inside buildings environments. Fanger ( 2006 ) defines the indoor(prenominal) air quality ( IAQ ) as the desire of kinde to comprehend the air as fresh and pleasant, with no contradict impacts on their heath and productiveness . Many seek carryers such(prenominal) as Wark and Warner ( 1981 ) and Singh ( 1996 ) investigated discussed the beginnings of the outdoor(a) and the indoor pollution that affected the indoor air. They engraft that the indoor air quality poop be influenced by the out-of-door air pollution beginnings such as traffic industrial building, and burning activities and the indoor beginnings such as public discussion equipment, trappingss, and human activities.Common Indoor personal credit line PollutantsIn this subdivision, the common indoor air quality parametric quantities and its outdoor and indoor beginning in humanitarian to it is wellness jeopardy on human shall be discussed. The common IAQ parametric quantities consists of trey physical parametric quantities ( board temperature, comparative humidness, and air app bent motion ) related to residents thermal comfort which is defined in the old chapter, eight gaseous contamination parametric quantities ( sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( carbon dioxide ) , formaldehyde ( HCHO ) , radon ( Rn ) , oz maven ( O3 ) and hydrocarbons ) and three airborne contaminations parametric quantities, particulates affairs ( PM ) bioaerosols ( bacteriums, viruses, Fungis and pollen, aetc ) and dusts, In add-on to the treatment of olfactive properties. sulphur dioxide ( SO2 )This type of pollutant gas has been extensively studied by many research workers around the universe in out-of-doorss environments due to it is luxuriously inclination to respond with broad scope of chemicals. SO2 is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent olfactory property and moments from the fossil fuels burning. Acid rain is one of the out-of-door pollution job cased by this gas.Indoor SO2 concent symmetryns are unremarkably lower than outdoor, likely around 0.1 ppm, ( Andersen 1972 Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . collectable to it inclination to respond with many chemicals, indoor SO2 after part respond with edifice stuffs and absorbed by the edifice surfaces ( Andersen 1972 ) . This gas faecal matter fade out in H2O and mixes with air in all temperatures. The oral sex indoor beginnings of SO2 are coal firing inside hearths and utilizing fuel oil ranges and warmers. Sulfur dioxide causes concern, general uncomfortableness, anxiousness, and bolshie of the res piratory piece of land, wheezing, lung harm, and annoyance of the eyes, nose and pharynx, choking and coughing, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) .Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 )Nitrogen dioxide is caustic gas with blistery olfactory property and formed in outdoor atmosphere from graduate(prenominal) temperature burning procedures by the reply of the azotic oxide ( NO ) with Oxygen ( O2 ) and Ozone ( O3 ) . Motor vehicles contribute to about 55 % of the manmade NOx emanations, EPA ( 2008 ) . The major(ip) beginnings of this gas in indoors environments are gas cookery ranges and warmer and tobacco plant fume, Samet et al. , ( 1987 ) . In a lot done by Yocom ( 1982 ) among British school day kids it was put that pupils whom suffer from reduced respiratory map are populating in houses with gas ranges.Exposure to low degrees of Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) causes shortness of breath, fatigue, sickness and annoyance to the eyes, nose, pharynx, and lungs exposure to senior blue school degrees cause rapid co mbustion, cramps, swelling of tissues in the pharynx and upper respiratory piece of land, reduced oxygenation of primitive structure tissues, a build-up of fluid in the lungs, and may take to decease, ( Burgess and Crutch heavens, 1995 Bascom et Al. 1996 and ASHRAE, 2009 ) .Carbon monoxide ( CO )CO is a really toxicant asphyxiant and non irritating gas that has no colour, olfactory property or gustative sensation. This gas produced by the uncomplete burning of carbon-based fuels ( Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Vehicular fumes is a major beginning of C monoxide, ( Moolenaar et al. , 1995 Girman et al. , 1998 and EPA, 2008 ) . The indoor C monoxide parsimoniousnesss are frequently high schooler(prenominal) than the out-of-door concentrations due to the emanation from gas ranges and tobacco plant fume, ( Yocom, 1982 and Girman et al. , 1998 ) . The chief consequence of this gas on human wellness is its affinity for haemoglobin in blood.The inhaled CO mixes with the haemoglobi n in the blood and signifiers carboxyhemoglobin that reduces the O transporting capacity of the blood vass. CO is 240 times more efficient at haemoglobin adhering than Oxygen, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Exposure to carbon monoxide causes concerns, shortness of breath, musculus achings, chest hurting, particularly in citizenry with old bosom jobs history, blurry vision, giddiness, nausea/vomiting, failing, confusion, weariness, rapid bosom assess at high degrees, dissolute deep external respiration at high degrees, fainting and decease at high degrees, CPSC ( 2008 ) .Carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide )Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, asphyxiant nursery gas emitted from the complete burning of the C with Oxygen. The mean distinctive concentrations of CO2 in the outdoor and indoor ( nonindustrial ) environment are 350-400 ppm, and 400-1200 ppm, severally, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . The chief beginnings of the indoor CO2 are human organic structure by the metamorphosis procedure ( nutrient in gestion ) , and residents activity.The wellness jobs associated with C dioxide exposure are concerns, giddiness, restlessness, feeling of an inability to take a breath, unease ( obscure feeling of uncomfortableness ) , change magnitude bosom direct, join ond blood force per unit area, ocular deformation, impaired hearing, nausea/vomiting, expiration of consciousness, coma, paroxysms, decease from suffocation ( organic structure cells do non acquire the O they need to populate ) , EPA ( 2008 ) . formaldehyde ( HCHO )Formaldehyde is a colorless with a strong pungent olfactory property and considered as the to the highest degree of import warmheartedness in the aldehydes group due to it is largely used in the production procedure of many constructing stuffs such as foam insularity, plyboard, rugs, burning contraptions and atom board adhesives which releases once more the methanal to the indoor environment. The typical indoor methanal concentrations range from 0.05 to 1 ppm, wher e in the new edifices the indoor degrees of the methanal are high, ( Meyer, 1983 Samet et al. , 1991 ) and nigh of the complains were from edifices with formaldehyde froth insularity and nomadic places that uses plyboard panelling, Wadden ( 1983 ) . The rate of diffusion of this substance is a map of the indoor temperature and humidness. Exposing to formaldehyde can do wellness effects include centre, nose, and pharynx annoyance wheezing and coughing weariness skin roseola terrible hypersensitized reactions, EPA ( 2008 ) . High concentrations of methanal may do malignant neoplastic disease and other effects listed under organic gases.atomic number 86 ( Rn )Radon is an inert radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless baronial chemical gas component. Naturally, this component can be found as dirt gas contained Rn formed from the decay merchandise of uranium and can stay as a gas under normal environmental conditions. This contaminant component can be found indoors due to some beginnings such as edifice stuffs particularly that wealthy with Ra, such as alum shale-based stuff and phosphogypsum modifywall, deep Wellss H2O intrinsic gas holding high Rn concentrations. Another chief beginning is the flow of the dirt gas into the places through edifice clefts, sumps and any other gaps or around the concrete slab, Bale ( 1980 ) . overdue to tightness of the edifices design, the indoor concentrations are normally higher than that in out-of-door environment. Recently, this component is considered as carcinogen component du to it is radiation, which has a critical wellness jeopardy on edifices residents, where it is considered to be the 2nd most ground of lung malignant neoplastic disease after set nail smoke, EPA ( 2008 ) .Ozone ( O3 )Ozone is a really reactive pollutant that can oxidise most of the chemicals in nature such as aldehydes. In natural outdoor environment, Ozone produces from the consequence of the sunshine on the N oxides and hydrocarbons. Nor mally the Ozone concentrations in the out-of-door environment are higher than that found in indoors. The chief beginnings of the high indoor Ozone concentration are the photocopy machines, optical maser pressmans, electrostatic air cleaners and x-ray generators, ( Yocom, 1982 and Wadden, 1983 ) .These beginnings develop electrostatic Fieldss that can bring forth extremely toxic concentrations of ozone in air. Exposing to low concentration degrees of Ozone can do oculus annoyance, ocular perturbations, concerns, giddiness, oral cavity and pharynx annoyance, thorax hurting, insomnia, breath shortness and coughing ( Sittig, 1991 and Apte et Al. 2007 ) , where exposure to high degrees of ozone can cut down lung map or respiratory jobs, such as asthma or bronchitis, ( Bates, 1989 EPA, 2008 and ASHRAE, 2009 )HydrocarbonsMost of the indoor hydrocarbons beginnings are consequences from the different housework stuffs such as widows, oven, drain, vesture cleaners, pigment dissolvent and hum an usage stuffs such as deodourants, shaving picks, hair sprays and air refreshers sprays. The indoor hydrocarbons degrees reach high degrees when housework is in advancement, Meyer ( 1983 ) . The indoor cookery gas ( largely Propane gas ) is considered as well as a major beginning of the indoor hydrocarbons which may consequences in serious fire accidents or decease due to substandard care or checking for the gas burner and cookery equipment, Meyer ( 1983 ) .Particulate affair ( PM )Particulate affair ( PM ) can be found solid and/or liquid droplets atoms suspended in air. Particulate affair can be generated from adult male made ( fossil fuels burning and mechanical procedures ) or natural ( vents, dust storms, and forest and grassland fires ) , ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . There are many beginnings of the indoor atoms such as pets, gas ranges, and baccy fume. Atoms classified harmonizing to its size as all even off atoms are those whose size is smaller than 2.5 I?m and harsh atoms are tho se which are larger than 2.5 I?m. Heinrich and Slama ( 2007 ) argued that the all right atoms are the major imperil beginning that affects the kids wellness, where exposing to ticket atoms can consequences in cardiac and respiratory jobs, ( Dockery et al. , 1993 Dockery and Pope, 1994 Pope et al. , 2002 Wu et al. , 2005 and G bedriddeniland et al. , 2005 ) . The PM metals constituents are a major beginning that involves in the development of pneumonic, cardiovascular and allergic diseases, Schwarze et Al. ( 2006 ) . Exposure to high degrees of all right atoms causes wellness jeopardies such as bosom diseases respiratory diseases altered lung maps, particularly in kids, and lung malignant neoplastic disease and decease, EPA ( 2008 ) .Bioaerosols ParametersFungi, viruses, bacteriums, fungous and bacteria spores, pollen and allergens are types of the microbiological indoor particulate contaminations. The major beginnings of these contaminations are human, animate beings and works s and it can be found anyplace these beginnings are available, Meyer ( 1983 ) . Due to the deficient care of the HVAC system parts ( capacitors, chill spirals, canals and drainage pans ) it can be another beginning of taint by promoting the proliferation of the bugs, ( Wark and Warner, 1981 and Samet et al. , 1991 ) . The concentrations of the indoor bugs are higher than that in the out-of-door environment due to the edifice stringency and the beginning handiness.DustDust is one type of the solid particulate contaminations. ASHRAE ( 2009 ) defines dust as solid atoms projected into air by natural forces such as air current, volcanic eruption, temblors, or by mechanical procedures including suppression, c get byching, destruction, blasting, showing, boring, shoveling and sweeping . Dust immigrates from exterior to inside environment by infiltration air through the edifice s cleft, uncertain Windowss and doors and through the public discussion system. Dust has wellness effects on people with ultra-sensitive lungs such as people with asthma, gullible kids and aged people. Dust causes uncomfortableness for people and amendss home piece of furniture and family equipment. olfactive propertiesIndoor olfactory properties are originating from resident s organic structure and their indoor activities such as smoke, cookery, refuse, sewerage and industrial procedures. The human organic structure usually dissipates around 200 types of chemicals which are responsible for the human olfactory properties, ( Meyer, 1983 ) . Olfactory properties do non hold any major effects on the resident s wellness, but it causes pique esthesis to the residents which make it as a mark of the hapless indoor air quality.During this be, the CO2 contamination provide be studied to look into the indoor air quality inside capital of Kuwaiti s schoolrooms. The indoor concentration of C dioxide ( CO2 ) has frequently been used as a alternate for the dissemination rate per resident, ( leewa rd and Chang, 1999 and Daisey et al. , 2003 ) , where supplying good airing rates with sufficient sums of fresh air can refined and reduces the concentrations degrees of indoor air pollution generated by the different indoor pollutants beginnings.Inter case and Kuwait Indoor Air Quality Standards and RegulationsSince the last decennary, research workers were interested to look into the indoor air pollution for different indoor environments and the contamination beginnings to bespeak the acceptable indoor concentration degrees for these pollutants. As a consequence of these researches, many IAQ criterions and ordinances befuddle been developed and established by different organisations indicates the recommended acceptable concentrations degrees for these indoor pollutants. A sum-up of the common indoor air pollutants criterions in ppm ( unless otherwise specified ) are given in Table 3.1.Since people spend most of their times in indoor environments in edifices, these edifices are e xpected to be good designed to non endanger the residents wellbeing and wellness. Residents have good cognition of the different types of the indoor pollutants and it is wellness jeopardies on human, but at that place is still one facet which is the quality of the air inside the edifice envelope and whether it is equal or unbalanced which may non hold a menace to residents wellness.Due to the energy crisis of the 1970s, tighter edifices designs with low air transfigure ( fresh air ) with outside environment have been constructed in order to salvage energy cost. Indoor air recirculation airing scheme has been used for constructing airing intents. Although important energy nest eggs was accomplished, research workers account residents complains due to a composite and even disenabling syndromes. These syndromes are recently defined as ill edifice syndrome ( SBS ) and were linked to the pollution of the inside air and the degree of the airing.Unacceptable indoor air quality ( IA Q ) conditions may line up in 30 % of the new edifices ( WHO, 2000 ) and may do diverse symptoms and unwellnesss that affect the residents wellbeing and consequences to increase residents productiveness lost and work absenteeism. These symptom syndrome which referred to as SBS, may take to important work clip lost and medical costs that affects the national economic system. The ill edifice syndrome ( SBS ) can be identified by the undermentioned typical symptoms such as concern chest stringency lethargy dry thorax stuffy nose lost of concentration dry tegument blocked, runny an scabies olfactory organ and lacrimation or antsy eyes.Constructing ill syndrome ( SBS ) and the edifice related unwellness ( BRI ) are non needfully to be the same, where the BRI symptoms such as disease, coryza and asthma are more acute than SBS symptoms in the edifices, Singh ( 1996 ) .Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ ) in naturalisesSchools are the most of import indoor environments that kids spend most of their times besides places. It is good documented that IAQ jobs in schools and other edifices types commercial and residential occurred during the 1970s oil episodes. Ventilation in these edifices has decreased to salvage energy by depending on the indoor recycled air inside the occupied zone. Children respire higher volumes of air recounting to their organic structure weights which make them more susceptibleness to some environmental pollutants than grownups, ( Faustman et al. , 2000 and Landrigan, 1998 ) . Poor IAQ in the schoolroom could hold negative impacts on kids s acquisition and public show, which may hold both immediate and womb-to-tomb effects, for the pupils and for society ( Mendell and Heath, 2005 ) .Many research workers investigated IAQ jobs in schools around the universe, where these probes were conducted frequently for a specific individual indoor air pollutant or a combination of pollutants ( GAO, 1995 ) . In schools, pollutant emanations can happen in many topographic points within the school envelope such cafeterias, swimming pools, scientific discipline labs ( frequently without fume goons ) and computing machine suites. IAQ jobs can consequences besides from the edifice design, building stuffs, type of the HVAC units and the deficiency of care of these units, and crowded schoolrooms. The undermentioned lit is some illustrations of the surveies conducted in schoolrooms around the universe to look into the effects of the different indoor pollutants on the pupil s wellness and public notification.The NO2, TVOC, methanal, PM10 and asbestos dust concentrations were measurable by Cavallo et Al. ( 1993 ) in 10 of strain ventilated schools and seven air-conditioned office edifices in Italy. The findings of this survey suggested that the mean NO2, PM10 and asbestos dust concentrations were the same indoors and out-of-doorss in all schools.The effects of generated pollutants from gas warmers on kids in 41 schoolrooms in Australia were stu died by Pilotto et Al. ( 1997 ) . A important relation was found between the indoor NO2 concentration and the absences of the pupils from school. The writers reported that strong grounds was found between the association of NO2 concentration degrees and the pupil s sore pharynx, balls and absences from school even at these low degrees.Lee and Chang ( 2000 ) measured and compared the indoor and out-of-door comparative humidness ( Rh factor ) , CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, HCHO concentrations and entire bacterium counts in five air-conditioned or of course ventilated schoolrooms in Hong Kong. The purpose of this survey was to look into whether the metrical indoor concentration degrees are complied with the Hong Kong criterion.In a survey by Daisey et Al. ( 2003 ) reviewed and analyzed the literature of the go outing IAQ, airing and indicated the edifice wellness jobs information related to the school edifice. The mensural airing and CO2 concentrations showed that many of the schoolrooms were have unequal airing. They suggested that although degrees of the mensural indoor pollutants concentrations ( HCHO, VOCs and bioaerosols ) were lower than that recommended by criterions and guidelines, exposures to pollutants in schools are associated with allergic reaction, asthma, and SBS symptomsIn Denmark, Meyer et Al. ( 2004 ) conduced a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey included 1053 school kids aged 13-17 old ages, in 15 school edifices utilizing questionnaire about the edifice related symptoms and wellness facets effects on the pupils exposure some to indoor pollutants. In this survey the room temperature, CO2, comparative humidness degrees were measured, the dust from the floors, air, airing canals during school twenty-four hours were collected and constructing features including mold infestation were assessed. The writers reported there is no positive association between building-related symptoms and the wet of the air and growing of casts in the school edifices. T he writers reason out that cast exposure is secondary beginning and non a chief beginning to either asthma, convert febrility, recent air passage infection, or psychosocial factors.A field survey included 358 pupils in tralatitious and portable mechanical ventilated schoolrooms in 22 primary and secondary schools conducted by Shendell et Al. ( 2004 ) to look into the consequence of the difference between the outdoor and indoor CO2 concentrations and the pupil absence in Washington and Idaho, USA. The short-run CO2 concentrations were higher in more than half of the schoolrooms. The writers found that a 1000 ppm addition in the dCO2 will diminish the one-year mean day-to-day attending of the pupils by 0.5-0.9 % , matching to relative10-20 % addition in the pupil s absence.In a critical scientific reappraisal about the grounds for the mastermind association of the indoor pollutants and thermic conditions on the pupils public presentation and attending in schools, Mendell and He ath ( 2004 ) concluded that exposing to indoor microbic and chemical pollutants beginnings in schools can be linked to increased school absenteeism, asthma, and allergic reaction in kids and grownups.In eight schools edifices in France, which were either of course or automatically ventilated, Blondeau et Al. ( 2005 ) carried out a field survey to mensurate the outdoor and indoor pollution in these edifice. In this field study the writers continuously monitored the outdoor and indoor gaseous pollutants ( Ozone, NO and NO2 ) , and airborne atom pollutants in add-on to the indoor humidness, temperature, CO2 concentration for two 2-week periods.The findings of this survey shows an acceptable No and NO2 outdoor/indoor concentrations ratio, where the outdoor/indoor Ozone concentrations ratio was high and was affected by the out-of-door environment. Writers argued reported that the more air-tight the edifice envelope, the lower the Ozone ratio occurred . They besides found the tenancy is strongly influences the indoor concentration degree of the mensural airborne atoms when the edifices were occupied.In parallel categories of 10-year-old kids, Wargocki et Al. ( 2005 ) studied and measured the impact of the IAQ by increased airing on the kids s larning public presentation. In appropriate lessons each hebdomad, the kids s usual instructors administered parallel public presentation from reading to mathematics undertakings were administrated by instructors to the kids during a school hebdomad period. The writers found that if the airing rate increased from 5 to 10 l/s, a important betterment by ore than 15 % in the public presentation of school work is achieved.In a field survey conducted in 64 unprejudiced and in-between school schoolrooms in Michigan, USA, Godwin and Batterman ( 2007 ) , monitored and examined the Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) parametric quantities to measure the degrees of different indoor pollutants ( CO2, VOCs and bioaerosols ) , the emanation begin nings, comparative humidness, temperature and the airing rates over one school hebdomad. During this survey the writers completed a comprehensive and the measurings were used to look into the differences in air quality degree within and between schools. It was found that in many of the tested schoolrooms the CO2 concentrations are higher than the standard degree ( 1000 ppm ) which indicates unequal airing rates, where the degrees of the mensural indoor pollutants were low to chair concentrations.Ventilation Ratess and Energy Consumption in SchoolVentilation procedure is supplying sums of out-of-door air ( fresh air ) from the outside environment to the inside infinites or zones via flow through of course agencies ( unfastened doors and window ) or automatically agencies ( fans and HVAC systems ) or by infiltration through the edifice clefts. The chief thought of the airing procedure is to supply the comfort and wellness conditions of the residents by equilibrating the thermic comfor t conditions and thining the concentrations of the indoor pollutants within the occupied zone envelope.The ingestion of the energy in the airing procedure in edifices is due to the usage the automatically ventilation systems to thermally conditioning the airing air by chilling, warming, dehumidification or humidification procedures or utilizing airing fans. The capacity of the energy ingestion by these systems is relative straight to the addition of the sum of the airing air needed. The airing procedure is guided by the international criterions and ordinances such as ASHRAE 62 criterion by stipulating the marginal airing rates that can run into the resident s comfort and wellness conditions to keep their public presentation and productiveness, while salvaging the energy used.Due to Kuwait clime is characterized as hot and dry desert clime, the usage of the HVAC systems is indispensable in all edifice most of the twelvemonth. Air-conditioning in Kuwait consumes 45 % of the one-year energy production ( 21 G.kWh ) with one-year cost of about KD 0.7 billion, ( MEW-R6, 2010 and MEW, 2010 ) .In Kuwait there is 540 school edifices consists of 14426 schoolrooms occupied by 360634 pupils with an mean ratio of 25 pupils per schoolroom, MOE ( 2009 ) . The figure of schools is subjected to be increase by 10 % annually, MOE ( 2009 ) . Since the beginning of 1990 s, the school edifices in Kuwait were extensively constructed or renovated. Air-conditioning systems were installed in those edifices to supply comfy thermic and wellness conditions. The control of those systems is non under the command control of the pupils, and this may hold a negative consequence on the pupil comfort and wellness in the schoolroom.These schools consume about 10 % of the state one-year energy production ( 2.1 G.kWh per twelvemonth ) costs about KD 60 1000000s with a day-to-day rate of 16 kWh per pupil and one-year addition of 5 % , MEW ( 2009 ) .The ASHRAE criterion 62 ( 2004 ) for airing deman ds is considered by MEW-R6 ( 2010 ) codification for the different types of edifices and infinites. Harmonizing to this criterion a minimal airing rate of 7.5 L/s ( 15 ft3/min ) per resident in schoolrooms is recommended with a typical occupant denseness of 33 individuals per 90 M2 ( 1000 ft2 ) and ceiling tallness of 3 m ( 10 foot ) . The current ASHRAE criterion would necessitate an air exchange rate of about 3 air alteration per hr ( ACH ) for schoolroom. Sing to the air alteration rates in hr, the ministry of electricity and H2O recommended an air alteration of 0.5 ACH for schoolrooms for energy economy demands, MEW-R6 ( 2010 ) .The indoor air quality conditions in schoolrooms have to be earnestly considered because pupils are still physically developing, where hapless indoor air quality conditions could impact the pupils and staff s comfort, wellness and may indirectly impact their acquisition and public presentation and productiveness this may hold damaging effects on them and the society s hereafter.Ventilation rates and Student s proceeding and ProductivityThrough the literature there are few surveies conducted to look into the consequence of the different airing rates on the pupil s and staff s school work public presentation and productiveness in schoolrooms. Myhrvold and Olesen ( 1997 ) conducted a field survey in 35 Norse schoolrooms to mensurate the pupils concentration by mensurating their reaction times with different airing rates. They found that by change magnitude the airing rate per individual from 4 L/s to 12 L/s, the pupils reaction times were 5.4 % less ( i.e. hurrying ) .In three public presentation trials used by Ito et Al. ( 2006 ) and Murakami et Al. ( 2006 ) in Nipponese schoolrooms, research workers found that with an addition in airing rate from 0.6-5 L/s the public presentation was improved 5.4 % 8.7 % and 5.8 % severally. Wargocki and Wyon ( 2006 2007a and B ) investigated the impact of increasing the airing rate on the public presentation of 10 old ages old school kids with analogue of public presentation undertakings. The writers found that increasing the airing rate from 5 to 10 L/s, the school work public presentation will improved by 15 % and do a noticeable kids s school public presentation and acquisition. In two UK schoolrooms, it was found that the students work rate increased by 7 % in the mathematical trials of add-on and minus by increasing the supplied fresh air from 0.3-5 to 13-16 L/s, ( Bako-Biro et Al, 2007 ) .DiscussionThrough the presentation of the indoor air quality literature reappraisal in this chapter, it can be shown that the importance of look intoing quality of the indoor air in the different occupied zones, particularly schoolrooms in schools, to bespeak the pollution beginnings and the degree of the different pollutants that may happen in schoolrooms.The necessity to regularly look into the indoor air quality inside the schoolrooms is due to the high denseness of pupil s in schoolrooms and the long period of exposure for the different pollutants beginnings which may earnestly impact the pupil s and staff s comfort and wellness and consequences in serious wellness jobs that can increase the absence from school and increases the public presentation and productiveness losingss. These attendant wellness jobs can impact the national economic system by increasing the national wellness attention disbursals and lost disbursals due to the going public presentation and productiveness in schools.Investigating the indoor air quality conditions inside schoolrooms is an high-priced and potentially debatable issue because it is a map of different factors such as the edifice stuffs, equipment, furniture and HVAC systems where all of them are changing as a map of clip exposure and airing. The rate of airing inside any occupied zone can be a step for the quality of the indoor air. The adequately airing rate can be an index for inside environment, where during the literature many research workers reported that inadequate ( low ) airing rate indicates hapless indoor air quality and tenuity versa.During this survey, the airing rates measurings inside the schoolrooms can be inferred by the C dioxide measurings, where the indoor concentration of C dioxide ( CO2 ) has frequently been used as a alternate for the airing rate per resident, including in schools. Lee and Chang ( 1999 ) and Daisey et Al. ( 2003 ) stated that the

Product Life Cycle Essay

Life Cycle Hats argon a product t vanquish into hit become deeply incorporated in the Ameri jackpot culture and lifestyle. In the United States, lids atomic number 18 virtually always present in e reallyday life, from sports events (i. e. baseball games) to the streets of virgin York where one might see spate wearing hats as a fashion accessory in their everyday life. Today, in that location are a plethora of different styles and varieties of hats. For fashion model, one can buy university hats, sports teams hats and even superhero hats, thus causing the hat application grow everyday.In this paper, I will analyze the hat industry life cycle, specifically cogitate on the bare-ass sequence social club, one of the close popular hat companies in the United States and worldwide. The hot date Cap Co. Inc. was founded in 1920 and was first known as E. Koch Cap Co. Their subjectquarters is located in Buffalo, raw York, and the CEO of the company is a member of the Koch fa mily Mr. Cristopher H. Koch. The rude(a) while Cap Co. has expanded globally into Canada in North the States, brazil-nut tree in South America, Korea and Japan in Asia, and more than 40 countries in Europe.Even though hats are smart eons biggest product, they to a fault sell former(a) products much(prenominal) as jackets, tees, hoodies and many cleaning kit ups and accessories for hats. bran-new Era provides products for men, women and kids of all ages, and among their most famous hat lines are the MLB, NHL, NBA, NFL and College lines. New Era offers different styles of hats such as the fitteds, which pass on different sizes to fit varying head sizes, and also the snapbacks, which you can adjust to the size of your head. Target MarketsNew Era targets its products towards a young crowd, usually sports fans, ranging from kids as young as 15 historic period old to throng around 35 years of age. The reason New Era targets a younger food market is because the hats are acce ssories generally used by younger people, and it is hard to find peoNple older than 35 years of age wearing hats on a daily basis. In addition, there are many rappers today that wear New Era hats in their music videos and at concerts. Furthermore, various athletes can be seen representing their sports teams via New Era hats.As a result, this causes younger people who aroma up to these musicians and athletes to want to wear New Era hats. Overall, New Era does a ample job at targeting their marketing towards younger people. Today, the United States is the country with the biggest market which New Era sells its product to. Followed by the U. S. market is the European market, which is so large that it consists of more than 40 countries. However, both topically and globally, New Era always try to target the same type of crowd. An example that supports this statement comes from Brazil.In Brazil, New Era is already beginning to produce hats representing popular Brazilian association foo tball teams, which is exactly what the Brazilian sports fans want. The 4 Ps While New Eras main product is undoubtedly their headwear products, the company also manufactures apparel products such as tees, jackets, hoodies, belts and also cleaning kits for hats, which only adds value to their products. While most of their headwear products are made with sports teams logos on the front, their apparel products focuses more on the New Era cross rather than sports teams.Many of their t-shirts present the New Era logo on the front instead of teams logos, which is confusable with their hoodies and belts. The cleaning kits for hats is a superb deal for New Era because it causes customers to buy accessories that compliment their other products. The kit also keeps the customers happy because when hats get dirty, they definitely do not look nearly as attractive, so having a cleaning product at hand is very convenient. New Eras prices roll out depends greatly on the hat style, as well as whe ther the product is a new reach or whether it is a sales item.For new arrivals, the price generally ikons from U$25. 00 to U$50. 00. For the snapback styles (adjustable hats), the price can range from roughly U$20. 00 to U$40. 00. However, the fitted styles (ones that are made in different sizes) can range from U$10. 00 to U$50. 00. There is also a section of superhero hats that range from approximately U$20. 00 to U$50. 00. The hats labeled as sales items range from U$10. 00 to U$35. 00. In the United States, a great percentage of the New Era products are sold online on New Eras website.The website is very easy and friendly to use, providing pictures of every single product available, making it extremely easy and convenient to bribe New Era products online. In the US, there are also specialized retail stores such as LIDS that strictly sell hats, with New Era being their most predominant mark. In countries like Brazil and countries in Europe, there is no specialized store like LIDS, but there are New Era hats being sold at stores specialized in sports.In these countries, New Era also runs their own retail stores where they have all of the same styles of hats than the ones available on the website, making them dream stores for hat lovers. Much of New Eras procession is done through sports events to target their main public. An example of that is the fact that New Era makes the hats of all Major League Baseball teams, while also memory over 200 licenses to make hats for other various sports teams. New Era also sponsors major events in the sports world, such as the 13th Annual Transworld Skateboarding Awards.Furthermore, in April of 2012, New Era became the official on-field hat provider for the National Football League (NFL). Ultimately, New Era focuses most of its marketing and promotion efforts towards sports events where they are most likely to reach all of their customers, as well as potential customers, at once. harvest-time Life Cycle New Era Cap C o. Inc. has been around since the 1920s, and their product is in the due date defend at the PLC. New Era already has an established brand worldwide and its sales and profits have reached a peak.Obviously, if New Era decides to open more global operations in South America or maybe Australia, they could make much more profits, but at the stage they are at right now, they reached maturity. The customers that secure New Era hats today are the late majority, and even though New Era is always trying to come up with new designs and styles, the essence of the product remains the same. As it is normal in this stage, New Era spends a lot of its money and efforts towards marketing to try retentivity the name of the brand growing and to attract more customers as well.As for competition, for a product that has reached its maturity as New Era hats have, there should be more competition than what they have today. New Era only faces serious competition from two companies today, as we are going to find out in the future(a) section. Competition Although New Era is the leading hat company in the United States, there are other hat companies that compete against New Era for a bigger share in the market. The biggest competition New Era faces comes from the company Mitchell mantle Nostalgia Co. (known simply as Mitchell mantle) which is based in Philadelphia PA.Mitchell Ness is actually older than New Era Cap Co. Inc. , as it was founded in 1904. However, differently than New Era, Mitchell Ness does not only focus its sales on hats, but also throwback jerseys, hats, tees, fleeces, and jackets. Mitchell Ness, however, competes head-to-head against New Era because it produces hats for NBA, NHL, NFL, and NCAA, essentially the same styles as New Era. The difference between the two is that New Era is more known for its fitted hats, while Mitchell Ness is more known for its snapback hats.New Era is also a much bigger company than Mitchell and Ness, with 1700 employees worldw ide as compared to Mitchell Ness 200 employees in the US only. In terms of money, New Eras revenue in 2007 was U$343. 7 million, while in 2012 Mitchell & Nesss revenue was 30 million. The other strong competition New Era faces comes from a younger company called Zephyr Hats. Zephyr Hats was founded in 1993 and similarly to New Era, Zephyr hats only focuses on producing hats nothing else. Zephyr, however is a much smaller company than both New Era or Mitchell Ness, and as of now they only produce hats for the NHL and NCAA schools.Also, Zephyr has a very strong commitment to its customers to tolerate the best quality product they possibly can, and to serve the customers the best they can before anything else. It will unbosom take a while for Zephyr Hats to expand as large as New Era or Mitchell Ness, but they are definitely on the right path towards achieving such a goal. New Era Cap Co. Inc. also faces competition against the black market. There are many fake New Era products b eing produced and sold around the world, proving to be a major challenge that the company has to face. With the ncreasing popularity of the brand, people try to take advantage of it by producing hats that bring the New Era logo, but that are not made by the real New Era Cap Co. Inc. Whereas some of these fake hats may look very similar to the real ones, there are a couple of small defects on them that benefactor to distinguish the fake hats from the real ones. Outside of the US, especially in developing countries like Brazil, the black market problem is huge because people can buy fake hats for a lot cheaper than what they cost in the retail stores. RecommendationsIt is true that New Era Cap has made its name globally and seems to only be growing, despite its competition and other problems, such fake production of New Era Hats. However, there are many ways in which they can improve their brand name and keep the brand growing. New Era is very active in the sports scene (NBA, NFL, NH L, NCAA, Skateboarding, etc), and one way in which they could improve themselves as a brand would be to promote tournaments and competition that bring the New Era name. These events can accept skateboarding competitions, street basketball tournaments, high school football tournaments, etc.This would help the name of the brand through supporting these sports and expanding their name to different groups of fans. New Era should also think about a ascendent to decrease the amount of fake New Era hats in the black market. One solution could be a promotion where every time someone purchases an authentic New Era Hat, they get a coupon with a number which they can enter on New Eras website for the chance to win a prize (ex 5 free New Era hats). Another promotion could be every 3 New Era Cap purchases, get 30% off the next purchase.This would give incentive to people to buy legitimate New Era Cap products, thus increase their revenue, improving their name brand, and stopping the circulati on of fake New Era in the black market. One other recommendation for New Era would be to pursue licences and contracts to start making hats for soccer clubs worldwide. Just like the hats they make for MLB and NFL, New Era could and should open their brand to the Premier League (England) and other European soccer leagues. Soccer leagues are known to have very devoted fans that would be more than willing to purchase merchandise, such as hats, if they were available in the market.